In an era where prison reform is increasingly a topic of global dialogue, Northern Europe offers a model that the United States is beginning to examine closely. By focusing on dignity and rehabilitation, countries like Norway and Germany have developed correctional systems that may offer solutions to reducing recidivism and addressing the overcrowding of U.S. prisons. These models provide valuable insights for reformers in the United States looking to adopt new correctional practices.
Recently, the Brennan Center organized trips for American correctional professionals to Norway and Germany to study their progressive criminal justice systems. These educational visits were part of broader efforts by organizations like Amend and the Vera Institute of Justice to incorporate humane correctional practices in the U.S. The trips highlighted the importance of human rights and dignity in the treatment of incarcerated individuals in Northern Europe.
For over 20 years, U.S. states such as California, Michigan, and North Dakota have been inspired by Northern Europe’s correctional philosophies. Initiatives like the Restoring Promise Initiative and Little Scandinavia reflect the influence of these visits. The Washington Way project and Amend’s initiatives further demonstrate efforts to create safer prison environments inspired by European practices.
Historical Influences and Approaches
Germany and Norway have taken distinct paths to their current correctional systems. Post-World War II, Germany’s constitution emphasized human dignity, informing its legal and correctional practices. Norway’s reforms in the 1990s arose from a desire to address prison violence and improve post-release outcomes.
Key Components of Northern European Corrections
Normalization
Both countries strive to make prison life as normal as possible. Inmates often have private cells and access to amenities similar to those outside prison. In Norway, some prisoners live in open-air settings and participate in community activities, fostering a sense of normalcy and responsibility.
Professionalization of Corrections
Correctional staff in Norway and Germany undergo extensive training, with Norwegian officers receiving a two-year paid education. In contrast, U.S. officers typically receive minimal training, highlighting a significant area for potential improvement in the U.S. system.
Dynamic Security
This principle emphasizes building relationships between staff and inmates to enhance security and safety. While some U.S. institutions are beginning to adopt this approach, it remains less common due to existing policies.
Import Model
Norway employs the import model, integrating public services into prisons. This ensures continuity of services and support for inmates, a practice that could offer benefits if adapted to the U.S. context.
Challenges and Potential for U.S. Adoption
While Northern Europe’s systems face their own challenges, such as staffing shortages and limited facility amenities, they offer valuable lessons. The stark contrast in prison populations and social welfare systems between the U.S. and these countries suggests that direct adoption of their practices may be challenging. Nonetheless, their philosophies offer inspiration for reforming American prisons.
Dr. Brie Williams of Amend and Nick Turner of Vera Institute emphasize the need for continued innovation and questioning of ineffective practices in U.S. prisons. As the Brennan Center prepares to release a report on American prison reform, the insights gained from Northern Europe could play a crucial role in shaping a more humane justice system in the United States.
